2.1 STATE WHETHER THE
FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ARE TRUE OR FALSE:
(a) Any valid printable ANSII character can be used in an identifier.
False
(b) All variables must be given a type when they are declared.
True
(c) Declarations can appear anywhere in a program.
False
(d) ANSI C treats the variable name and Name to be same.
False
(e) The underscore can be used anywhere in an identifier.
True
(f) The keyword void is a data type in C.
True
(g) Floating point data constants, by default, denote float type values.
False
(h) Like variables, constants have a type.
True
(i) Character constants are coded using double quotes.
False
(j) Initialization is the process of assigning a value to a variable at the time of declaration.
True
(k) All static variables are automatically initialized to zero.
True
(l) The scanf function can be used to read only one value at a time.
False
(1) Char
(2) Int
(3) Float
(4) Void
(2) Each escape sequence character consists of two characters.
(3) The first character must be a back slash .
(a) Any valid printable ANSII character can be used in an identifier.
False
(b) All variables must be given a type when they are declared.
True
(c) Declarations can appear anywhere in a program.
False
(d) ANSI C treats the variable name and Name to be same.
False
(e) The underscore can be used anywhere in an identifier.
True
(f) The keyword void is a data type in C.
True
(g) Floating point data constants, by default, denote float type values.
False
(h) Like variables, constants have a type.
True
(i) Character constants are coded using double quotes.
False
(j) Initialization is the process of assigning a value to a variable at the time of declaration.
True
(k) All static variables are automatically initialized to zero.
True
(l) The scanf function can be used to read only one value at a time.
False
2.2 Fill in the blanks
with appropriate words:
(a)The keyword
……………..can be used to create a data type identifier.
Answer: int
(b) …………… is the
largest value that an unsigned short int type variable can store.
Answer: 255
(c) A global variable
is also known as …………….variable.
Answer: external
(d) A variable can be
made constant by declaring it with the qualifier ……………. At the time of
initialization.
Answer: constant
2.3 What are
trigraph characters? How are they useful?
Answer:
Trigraph characters is
one kinds of character which consists of three characters ( Two question marks
and followed by another ).
Some keyboard does not
support some characters. But we can use them by trigraph characters. If a
keyboard does not support square brackets, we can still use them in a program
using the trigraph ??( and ??) .
2.4 Describe the
four basic data types. How could we extend the range of values they represent?
Answer:
The basic four data
types are:(1) Char
(2) Int
(3) Float
(4) Void
We cannot extend the
range of character.
We could extend the
range of integer by using long beforeinteger.
We can extend the
range of float by using double. To extend the precision
further we may use long double.
2.5 What is an
unsigned integer constant? What is the significant of declaring a constant
unsigned?
Answer:
The integer constant
which does not take any + or – sign before it is called an unsigned
integer constant.
We can take the value
double using an unsigned integer constant. For example, a signed
integer constant have a value between -32768 to +32767, but an unsigned
integer constant takes the value between 0 to 65535.
2.6 Describe the
characteristics and purpose of escape sequence characters.
Answer:
C supports some
special back slash character constants, that are used in output function. This
characters are known as escape sequence characters. For example, the symbol
“\n” stands for new line character.
Characteristics :
(1) They acts as a single character.(2) Each escape sequence character consists of two characters.
(3) The first character must be a back slash .
Purpose:
(1)
In a program we used it for new line.
(2)In
a program we used it for horizontal tab.
2.7 What is a
variable and what is meant by “value” of a variable?
Answer:
A variable is a data
name that may used to store a data value. Like constants that remains unchanged
during the execution a program.
The meant of value it
is a variable name and it can take any value like character, int, float and
double.
2.8 How do
variables and symbolic names differ?
Answer:
A variable may be used
to store data value. A variable may take different values at different times
during execution of a program. Variables has need to declare at the beginning
of the body but after the main.
Symbolic names is a
unique constants. This constants may appear in a number of place in the
program. Symbolic names has need to define at the beginning of a program.
2.9 State the
difference between the declaration of a variable and the definition of a
symbolic name?
Answer:
Variables has need to
declare at the beginning of the body but after the main. The syntax
for declaring a variable is as follow:
Data-type
v1,v2,……..vn;
v1, v2,……..vn are the
names of variables. For example, valid declarations are
int count;
int number,total;
float ratio;
Symbolic names has
need to define at the beginning of a program. A symbolic name
constants is defined as follows:
#define
symbolic-name value of constant
Valid example of
constant definations are:
#define STRENGTH 100
#define PASS
MARK 5
2.10 What is
initialization? Why it is important?
Answer:
The process of giving
initial values to variables is called initialization. Some examples are
int final_value
=100;
char yes =’x’;
double balance =75.84;
C permits the initialization
of more then one variable using multiple assignment operators.For example the
statements
p=q=s=0;
x=y=z=MAX;
are valid.
Question: What are the
qualifiers that an int can have at a time?
Answer:
A signed int
can take a value between -32768 to 32767 and an unsigned int can take a value 0
to 65535.
Question: Describe the
purpose of the qualifiers constant and volatile.
Answer:
We
may like the value of certain variables to remain constant during the excution
of a program. We can achieve this by declaring the variable with the qualifier
constant at the time of initialization. Example:
const
int class_size=40;
ANSI
standard defines another qualifier volatile that could be used to
tell explicitly the complier that a variables value may be changed
at any time by some external sources ( from outside the program). For example:
volatile
int date;
Question: When dealing
with very small or very large numbers, what steps would you like you take to
improve the accurancy of the calculation?
Answer:
When we are dealing
with a very short number we can improve the accurancy of calculation by using a
keyword short before the keyword. Example short int.
When we are dealing
with a very large number we can improve the accurancy of calculation by using a
keyword long before the keyword. Example long
int.
Question: Which of the
following are invalid constants and why?
0.0001
Answer: (valid)
5x1.5
Answer: (Invalid)
Reason: Exponent must
be an integer.
99999
Answer: Valid
Reason: Long integer.
+100
Answer: ( valid)
75.45E-2
Answer: ( Valid )
-45.6
Answer: ( Valid )
“15.75”
Answer: ( Invalid )
Reason: “” sign is not
permitted.
-1.79e+4
Answer: (valid)
0.00001234
Answer: ( Valid )
Question: Which of the
following are invalid variable and why?
Minimum
Answer: ( valid )
First.name
Answer: ( Invalid )
Reason:. Sign is not
permitted.
N1+n2
Answer: ( Invalid )
Reason: + sign is not
permitted.
&name
Answer: ( Invalid )
Reason: & is not
permitted.
Doubles
Answer: (
Valid )
Reason: Keyword may be
a part of variable name.
3rd_row
Answer: ( Invalid )
Reason: First
character must be a letter or underscore.
n$
Answer: (
Invalid )
Reason: Dollar sign is
not permitted.
Row1 ( Valid )
Float
Answer: (
Invalid )
Reason: float is a
keyword.
Sum Total
Answer: ( Invalid )
Reason: White space is
not permitted.
Row Total
Answer: ( Invalid )
Reason: White space is
not permitted.
Column total
Answer: (
Invalid )
Reason: White space is
not permitted.
Question: Find errors,
if any, in the following declaration statements.
{
Intx;
float letter,DIGIT;
double=p,q;
exponent alpha,beta;
m,n.z:INTEGER
short char c;
long int m;count;
long float temp;
getch();
}
Error1: intx should
have a type.
Error2: Line number 6,
expression syntax.
Error3: Line number 7,
Declaration should be properly.
Error4:Line number 9,
Unreachable code.
Problem no 2.1: Write
a program to determine and print the sum of the following harmonic series for a
given value of n:
1+1/2+1/3+………………+1/n
Solve:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
int n;
float I, sum, t;
clrscr();
printf(“1+1/2+1/3+……………+1/n\n”);
printf(“Enter the
value of n\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
sum=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
t=1/i;
sum=sum+t;
}
printf(“%f”,sum);
getch();
}
Output:
1+1/2+1/3+………….+1/n
Enter the value of n
4
2.083333
The value of n should
be given interactively through the terminal.
Problem no 2.2: Write
a program to read the price of an item in decimal form ( like 15.95
) and print the output in paisa ( like 1595 paisa) .
Solve:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int b;
float a;
a=15.95;
clrscr();
b=100*a;
printf("%d",b);
getch();
}
Output:
1595
Problem no 2.3: Write
a program that’s prints the even numbers from 1 to 100.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=100;i++)
{
if(i%2==0)
printf(" %d",i);
}
getch();
}
Output
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100
Problem no 2.4: Write
a program that request two float type numbers from the users and then divides
the first number by the second and display the result along with the numbers.
Solve:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
float number1,
number2, number3;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the
value of number1 and number2\n");
scanf("%f
%f",&number1,&number2);
number3=number1/number2;
printf("%f/%f=%f",number1,number2,number3);
getch();
Output:
Enter the value of
number1 and number2
15.5
6.6
15.5/6,6=2.348484
Problem no 2.5: The
price of one kg of rice is Rs. 16.75 and one kg of sugar is Rs. 15. Write a
program to get these values from the user and display the prices as follows:
***LIST
OF ITEMS***
Item Price
Rice Rs
16.75
Sugar Rs
15.00
Solve:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
float Rice,Sugar;
Rice=16.75;
Sugar=15.00;
clrscr();
printf("***LIST
OF ITEMS***\n");
printf("Item
\tPrice\n");
printf("Rice\tRs%.2f\n",Rice);
printf("Sugar\tRs%.2f\n",Sugar);
getch();
}
Output:
***LIST OF ITEMS***
Item Price
Rice Rs16.75
Question: Identify
syntax errors in the following program. After correcting, what output would you
expect when you execute it.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define PI 3.14159
void main()
{
int R,C;
float perimeter;
float area;
C=PI;
R=5;
perimeter=2.0*C*R;
Area = C*R*R;
printf("%f",
"%d",&perimeter,&area)
}
Errors:
Cpp 10: Undefined
symbol Area.
Cpp 12:statement
missing,in function{}
Cpp12: compound
statement missing.
Solve:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define PI 3.14159
void main()
{
int R,C;
float perimeter,Area;
C=PI;
R=5;
perimeter=2.0*C*R;
Area = C*R*R;
printf("%f
%f",perimeter,Area);
getch();
}
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